SEXUALITY TEXTS IN THE PENTATEUCH

GENESIS

1:27 God makes man in His image, and makes them male and female (repeated in 5:1-2)

1:28 God commissions man to grow and multiply (repeated for Noah in 9:1 and 9:7)

2:7 God forms man from the soil

2:21-23 the Lord builds the loins (pleura; see also 3 Kgdms. 8:19 and John 19:34) of Adam (called anér, "man" or "husband," in 2:23) into a woman (guné, also "wife")

2:24 description of sexual union (proskollaó, "to glue on") and procreation (sarka mian, "one flesh")

2:25 inherent beauty of human body; that Adam and Eve lacked "shame" (aischunó) refers to lack of embarrassment rather than sin

3:7 awareness of nakedness due to knowledge of aesthetic rather than moral good and evil (kalos and ponéros, not agathos and kakos), resulting in genital coverings (perizómata, "aprons")

3:16b the woman will find refuge (apostrophé, also "recourse") in her husband, who will be her lord (kurieuó); a mitigation of the curse rather than an extension of it

4:1 Adam's "knowing" (ginóskó) Eve includes conception as well as sexual intercourse (see also 4:17, Cain's conception of Enoch, and 4:25, Adam's conception of Seth)

4:19 polygamy of Lamech (Cain's descendant) with Adah and Zillah

6:2 union of "sons of God" with "daughters of men" based on choice of former; 6:3, which sets 120 years as the extent of human lifespans to limit the struggle of spirit versus flesh, is not a curse and is unrelated to the verdict against general human wickedness in 6:5-7 (see also Sir. 16:7), which is fulfilled in 100 years

9:22 Ham "sees his father's nakedness" (gumnósis) and reports it; unless this is euphemistic for some sexual act, the major offense here would be the reporting to others

12:17 God's anger against impending adultery (see 12:19) between the Pharaoh and Sarah

16:2 unrebuked sexual union between Abraham and Hagar, Sarah's maid (paidiské), with Sarah's permission

17:11 circumcision as sign of God's testament to Abraham

19:5 desire of Sodomites for sexual intercourse (sugginomai; see also 39:10, Joseph and Potiphar's wife, and Jdt. 12:16, Holofernes and Judith) with Lot's male visitors

19:32 unrebuked sexual intercourse (employing koimaó, "to lie with") between Lot and his daughters

20:3 God warns against impending adultery between Abimelech and Sarah, who was "cohabiting" (sunoikeó) with Abraham

20:12 Abraham acknowledges that Sarah was his half-sister ("by my father but not by my mother")

22:24 first reference to a concubine (pallaké), that of Nahor

24:3 Abraham's opposition to mixed union between Isaac and the Canaanites

24:50-59 permission of both bride (Rebekah, 24:58) and the heads of her household (Laban and Bethuel, 24:51) prior to sexual union

25:1 Abraham takes a second wife, Keturah, after Sarah's death

25:6 reference to Abraham's concubines and their sons

26:8 Isaac's "playing" with Rebekah (paizó, not necessarily a sexual term; see 21:9, where Ishmael "plays with" or "teases" Isaac), which leads Abimelech to conclude they were husband and wife

26:10 Abimelech warns others against "lying with" (koimaó) Rebekah or "touching" (aptomai; see also John 20:17 and 1 Cor. 7:1) her or Isaac

26:34-35 Esau's two Hittite wives, Judith daughter of Beeri and Basemath daughter of Elon, who grieved his parents (see also 36:2, where they are called Adah daughter of Elon and Oholibamah daughter of Anah)

27:46 Rebekah's opposition to mixed union between Jacob and the Hittites

28:9 Esau takes a third wife, Mahalath daughter of Ishmael, in attempt to please his parents (see also 36:3, where she is called Basemath)

29:22 Laban hosts a wedding reception (gamos) for other area men to announce union of Jacob and (ostensibly) Rachel

29:23-24 Laban gives Leah instead, along with Zilpah her maid (called guné in 30:9)

29:27-28 Jacob completes "the seven things" involving Leah (the unique phrase ta ebdoma; "week" should have been ai ebdomai, sc. émerai, "days")

29:28-29 Laban later gives Rachel, along with Bilhah her maid (called guné in 30:4)

29:32-35:18 The children of Jacob and their mothers:

30:14-16 Leah "hires" Jacob from Rachel in trade for Reuben’s mandrakes

30:18 Leah believes Issachar's conception to be God's reward for her giving Zilpah to Jacob

30:39 Jacob's flocks "mated" (the rare verb egkisseuomai, also in 30:41 and 31:10; the equally rare kissaó, used of a woman in Ps. 51:5, means "conceive")

31:35 Rachel prevents Laban from detecting her theft of his idols by claiming to have "what is customary for women"

34:2 rape of Dinah by Shechem; "he took her, lay (koimaó) with her, and humiliated (tapeinoó) her"

34:31 Jacob's sons refer to Dinah's rape as "using her like a prostitute" (porné)

35:22 Reuben lies (koimaó) with Bilhah, Jacob's concubine (pallaké)

36:12 Amalek born to Timna, the concubine of Eliphaz son of Esau and Adah

38:8-10 Onan engages in coitus interruptus with Tamar instead of fulfilling levirate rule

38:14-26 sexual intercourse between Judah and his daughter-in-law Tamar, posing as a prostitute

39:6b-18 Potiphar's wife attempts to seduce (koimaó) Joseph, then falsely accuses him of attempted rape

46:20 Manasseh takes a Syrian concubine (LXX only)

49:4 rebuke of Reuben for ascending his father's "bed" (koité) and defiling his "mattress" (strómné)

EXODUS

19:15 Moses commands people "not to approach a woman" in preparation for the Lord's descent on Sinai (not required by the Lord himself)

20:14 sixth commandment, against adultery (moicheuó)

20:17 tenth commandment, against coveting (epithumeó) neighbor's wife

21:10 female slave retains rights to intercourse (omilia) with her master even if he "takes another to himself," or else she must be set free

21:22 fine for men fighting, when a woman is unintentionally struck and "the child comes out not fully formed"

22:16-17 "punishment" for lying (koimaó) with an unbetrothed virgin is to pay the dowry to her father and take her as wife; the father has the right to refuse to give her but keep the dowry

22:19 capital punishment for lying (koimaó) with livestock

34:15-16 warning against prostitution (ekporneuó) before Canaanite deities

LEVITICUS

15:16-18 ritual impurity of a man who ejaculates (koité spermatos, "coital seed") by himself or with a woman; no basis to restrict the former to mean only involuntary emissions

15:19-23 ritual impurity of a menstruating woman

15:24 ritual impurity of a man who lies with (koimaó) a menstruating woman

18:6-19 a man is not permitted to "reveal the shame" (apokaluptó aschémosunén) of the following individuals:

18:20-23 various sexual offenses

19:20 non-capital punishment for lying with (koimaó koité spermatos) a female slave

19:29 turning a daughter into a prostitute (ekporneuó) prohibited

20:10-16 capital punishment for sexual acts with the following individuals:

20:17-21 severe non-capital punishments for sexual acts (all including apokaluptó aschémosunén) with the following individuals:

21:7, 14a sons of Aaron forbidden to take (lambanó) a prostitute (porné), a divorced woman (guné ekbeblémené), or a widow (chéra, v. 14a only)

21:9 capital punishment for prostitution (ekporneuó) by a priest's daughter

21:13, 14b sons of Aaron required to take "a virgin from his race" or "his people" as a wife (the Hebrew text of 21:13 reads, "take a wife with the evidences of her virginity," employing the same term as in Deut. 22:14-15)

21:20 having one testicle (monorchis), among other defects, prevents priestly service

22:4 recent ejaculation (koité spermatos), among other types of ritual impurity, temporarily prevents priestly service

NUMBERS

5:11-31 when a woman is suspected of adultery (koimaó koité spermatos, 5:13), the priest makes her drink "the water of rebuke" (to udór tou elegmou, 5:19); if her abdomen swells and her thigh wastes away, she is guilty

12:1 Miriam and Aaron grumbled against Moses when he took an Ethiopian wife in addition to Zipporah (see Ex. 2:21); as a punishment, Miriam subsequently suffered leprosy for seven days (12:9-15)

25:1-18 24,000 Israelites executed for committing prostitution (prominently including Baal worship) with Moabites and Midianites

30:1-16 rules for undefined vows made by a daughter or wife; the father or husband has the right to annul them on the day they are made

31:17-18 in Israel's slaughter of Midian, only women who had not known "coitus with a male" (koité arsenos) were spared

36:1-12 a daughter who inherits property must take a husband from her father's tribe

DEUTERONOMY

5:18 sixth commandment, against adultery (moicheuó)

5:21 tenth commandment, against coveting (epithumeó) neighbor's wife

7:3 intermarriage (gambreuó) with Canaanites prohibited

17:16-17 a king is not permitted to multiply horses, wives, silver, or gold for himself

20:7 recently betrothed (mnésteuó) exempt from military duty

21:10-14 procedure for taking female war prisoners as wives

21:15-17 in polygamy, the inheritance of the firstborn son cannot be revoked because his mother was loved less

22:5 prohibition of a woman wearing "the utensils of a man," or a man wearing "a feminine robe" (in both cases, "man" is anér, but in Hebrew, geber, sometimes "warrior," as in Jgs. 5:30)

22:13-21 when a husband asserts he did not find "evidences of virginity" (ta parthenia) in his new wife, a garment (imation) in the possession of the woman's parents is offered as proof; otherwise, she is stoned for prostitution (ekporneuó)

22:22 capital punishment for lying (koimaó) with a woman who is cohabiting (sunoikizó) with another man

22:23-27 difference between adultery and rape

22:28-29 "punishment" for lying (koimaó) with an unbetrothed virgin is to pay the dowry to her father and take her as wife

22:30 prohibition against taking or "revealing the skirt of" (apokaluptó sugkalumma) father's wife

23:1-2 eunuch (thladias, also apokekommenos, "amputee") and child of a prostitute (porné) banned from Lord's assembly (ekklésia)

23:10-11 ritual impurity of a soldier who has a nocturnal emission (rusis nuktos)

23:17-18 daughter of Israel may not be a prostitute (porné), son of Israel may not engage in prostitution (porneuó); wage of a porné or kuón ("dog," probably male prostitute) unacceptable as offering

24:1-4 divorce permitted when a "shameful matter" (aschémon pragma) found in a woman; if she subsequently takes a second husband and he dies or divorces her, she cannot return to the first

24:5 those who have recently taken a wife are exempt from military duty for one year

25:5-10 levirate rule, by which a man takes his deceased brother's wife when there is no heir; ritual by which a woman protests a man's refusal to do so

25:11-12 when a woman grabs the testicles (didumoi, "twins") of a man fighting with her husband, her hand is to be cut off

27:20-23 curses upon those who lie (koimaó) with:

RETURN TO SEXUALITY IN THE PENTATEUCH

This revision completed on January 16, 2020